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Home My WebLink About543 Fox Run - 239128407024INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM PERMIT EAGLE COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DIVISION P.O. Box 179 - 500 Broadway • Eagle, CO 81631 Telephone: (970) 328-8755 COPY OF PERMIT MUST BE POSTED AT INSTALLATION SITE. PERMIT NO. 2095-01 BP NO. 3 OWNER: DAN GRUENEFELDT PHONE: 970-963-4979 MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX_ 1910, BASALT, CO 81621 APPLICANT: SAME PHONE: SYSTEM LOCATION: 543 FOX RUN DRIVE, CARBONDALE TAX PARCEL NO. 2391-284-07-024 LICENSED INSTALLER: STUTSMAN GERBAZ, CHARLIE MONTOVER LICENSE NO. 11-01 PHONE: 970-923-2734 DESIGN ENGINEER: PHONE NO. INSTALLATION HEREBY GRANTED FOR THE FOLLOWING: MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR A 5 BEDROOM RESIDENCE 1500 GALLON SEPTIC TANK, 2500 SQUARE FEET OF ABSORPTION AREA CREDIT, IF CHAMBERS ARE USED 81 INFILTRATOR S ARE NEEDED. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS: INSTALL IN SERIAL DISTRIBUTION WITH A CLEANOUT BETWEEN THE TANK AND THE HOUSE AND INSPECTION PORTS IN EACH TRENCH. RAKE ALL TRENCH SURFACES TO PREVENT THE SMEARING OF SOILS. AND DO NOT INSTALL IN WET WEATHER. INSTALL THE CHAMBERS AS SHALLOW AS POSSIBLE TO KEEP THEM WITHIN TWELVE INCHES OF EXISTING GRADE, AND DO NOT BACK FILL WITH ANY ROCKS LARGER THAN EIGHT INCHES IN DIAMETER. BE SURE TO MAINTAIN ALL APPLICABLE SET BACK REQUIREMENTS, AND INSTALL THE LEACH FIELD IN THE AREA EAST OF WHERE THE PERC TEST WAS DONE. CALL EAGLE COUNTY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH FOR FINAL INSPECTION PRIOR TO BACK FILLING ANY PART OF THE INSTALLATION, OR WITH ANY QUESTIONS REGARDING THE INSTALLATION. THE BUILDING CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY WILL NOTX011AUED TIC SYSTEM HAS BEEN INSPECTED AND APPROVED. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH APPROVA DATE: MAY 17, 2001 CONDITIONS: 1. ALL INSTALLATIONS MUST COMPLY WITH ALL REQUIREMENTS OF THE EAGLE COUNTY INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM REGULATIONS, ADOPTED PURSUANT TO AUTHORITY GRANTED IN 25-10-104, 1973, AS AMENDED. 2. THIS PERMIT IS VALID ONLY FOR CONNECTION TO STRUCTURES WHICH HAVE FULLY COMPLIED WITH COUNTY ZONING AND BUILDING REQUIREMENTS. CONNECTION TO, OR USE WITH ANY DWELLING OR STRUCTURE NOT APPROVED BY THE ZONING AND BUILDING DEPARTMENTS SHALL AUTOMATICALLY BE A VIOLATION OF A REQUIREMENT OF THE PERMIT, AND WILL RESULT IN BOTH LEGAL ACTION AND REVOCATION OF THE PERMIT. 3. CHAPTER IV, SECTION 4.03.29 REQUIRES ANY PERSON WHO CONSTRUCTS, ALTERS OR INSTALLS AN INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM TO BE LICENSED. FINAL APPROVAL OF SYSTEM (TO BE COMPLETED BY INSPECTOR): NO SYSTEM SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE EAGLE COUNTY INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM REGULATIONS UNTIL THE SYSTEM IS APPROVED PRIOR TO COVERING ANY PORTION OF THE SYSTEM. INSTALLED ABSORPTION OR DISPERSAL AREA: 2500 SQUARE FEET (VIA 81 INFILTRATOR UNITS ) INSTALLED CONCREM&NK: 1500 GALLONS IS LOCATED 90 DEGREES AND 96 FEET INCHES FROM THE SOUTH FACING HOUSE FOUNDATION COMMENTS: THE FINAL INSPECTION WAS DONE BY WILLIAM CARLSON ON JULY 20,2001. THIS SYSTEM IS LARGE ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A FIVE BEDROOM RESIDENCE. ANY ITEM NOT MEETING REQUIREMENTS W ECTE FO AL APPROVAL OF SYSTEM IS MADE. ARRANGE A RE -INSPECTION WHEN WORK IS COMPLETED. j ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH APPROV DATE: JULY 24, 2001 Incgmplete Applications Will NOT Be Accepted .(Site Plan MUST be attached) ISDS Permit #��`� / Building Permit # APPLICATION FOR INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM PERMIT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICE - EAGLE COUNTY P. 0. BOX 179 EAGLE, CO 81631. 328-8755/927-3823 (El Jebel) * FEE SCHEDULE * PERMIT APPLICATION FEE $150.00 PERCOLATION TEST FEE $200.00 * SIZING AND SITE VISIT FEE $85.00 (WHEN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SIZES THE * SYSTEM USING YOUR SOILS REPORT) * MAKE ALL REMITTANCE PAYABLE TO: "EAGLE COUNTY TREASURER" PROPERTY OWNER: DAQ GRuEME�FELUr- MAILING ADDRESS: �i�� 1910 �ASACI iCO �I 82A PHONE: CWS-19-n APPLICANT/CONTACT PERSON: O GFQE� � PHONE: 9b3^4r�9 N LICENSED SYSTEMS CONTRACTOR : 'S t LJTSt1,Au GGQ8R7-- PHONE: cros -Z-rs+ COMPANY/DBA : � ► OTSnPO G&QAZ ADDRESS: *S0��6 �� S ul hASs PERMIT APPLICATION IS FOR: NEW INSTALLATION ( ) ALTERATION ( ) REPAIR LOCATION OF PROPOSED INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM: Legal Description: L.OT CJ �b�G f�1x 77)(,Q.(,c'dow-0 _ Tax Parcel Number: �� 2.�40i�Z�- Lot Size: 2 �CcrS Physical Address: 043 FOX M MUC BUILDING TYPE: (Check applicable category) 0}) Residential/Single Family Number of Bedrooms S ( ) Residential/Multi-Family* Number of Bedrooms ( ) Commercial/Industrial* Type *These systems require design by a Registered Professional Engineer TYPE OF O WATER SUPPLY: (Check applicable category) Well ( ) Spring ( ) Surface Public Name of Su pp er: 1::C))C Riks rjEfcouJs APPLICANT SIGNATURE: Date a *************************************************************************** AMOUNT PAID: ✓ RECEIPT # : 11103 DATE: CHECK #: 39C CASHIER: Community Development Department (970) 328-8730 FAX (970) 328-7185 TDD (970) 328-8797 Email: eccmdeva@vail.net http: //www.eagle-county.com July 24, 2001 Dan Gruenefeldt P.O. Box 1910 Basalt, CO 81621 EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO Eagle County Building P.O. Box 179 500 Broadway Eagle, Colorado 81631-0179 RE: Final of ISDS Permit #2095-01, Tax Parcel #2391-284-07-024. Property location: 543 Fox Run Drive, Carbondale, CO. Dear Mr. Gruenefeldt: This letter is to inform you that the above referenced ISDS Permit has been inspected and finalized. Enclosed is a copy to retain for your records. This permit does not indicate compliance with any other Eagle County requirements. Also enclosed is a brochure regarding the care of your septic system. Be aware that later changes to your building may require appropriate alterations of your septic system. If you have any questions regarding this permit, please contact the Eagle County Environmental Health Division at (970) 328-8755. Sincerely, jtww�-" -------_..._.... 'a Janet Kohl Environmental Health Department Eagle County Community Development ENCL: Informational Brochure Final ISDS Permit cc: files Community Development Department (970) 328-8730 FAX (970) 328-7185 TDD (970) 328-8797 Email: eccmdeva@vail.net http: //www.eagle-county.com DATE: May 17, 2001 EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO TO: Stutsman/ Gerbaz, Inc. FROM: Environmental Health Division Eagle County Building P.O. Box 179 500 Broadway Eagle, Colorado 81631-0179 RE: Issuance of Individual Sewage Disposal System Permit #2095-01, Tax Parcel #2391-284-07-024. Property Location: 543 fox Run Drive, Carbondale, CO., Gruenefeldt residence. Enclosed is your ISDS Permit #2095-01. It is valid for 120 days. The enclosed copy of the permit must be posted at the installation site. Any changes in plans or specifications invalidates the permit unless otherwise approved. If you have not been contracted to install this system please contact Eagle County Environmental Health. Also enclosed is the ISDS Final Inspection Completeness Form. The items on this form need to be completed before you call for your final inspection. Also, please note any special conditions which may have been placed on the permit. Do not back fill any part of the installation until it has been inspected. If all items are not completed, a reinspection fee of $47.00 must be paid before a reinspection is made. Please call our office well in advance to allow for scheduling of final inspection. Your building permit TCO will not be issued until final approval has been given for the ISDS Permit. Permit specifications are minimum requirements only, and should be brought to the property owner's attention. This permit does not indicate conformance with other Eagle County requirements. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact the Environmental Health Division at 328- 8755. cc: files Enclosures: ISDS permit # 2095-01; ISDS Final Inspection Completeness Form LOT 14 FOX RUN DRIVE ■ PIT 2 LOT 15 APPROXIMATE SCALE 1" = 50, LOT 16 :,UqJL "'T, t P-2 � PROFILE PIT ------- P-3 � SETBACK BUILDING HEPWORTH-PAWLAK LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY PITS Fig. 1 101 239 TGEOTECHNICAL, INC. AND PERCOLATION TEST HOLES i April 18, 2001 Dan Gruenfeldt P.O. Box 1910. Basalt, Colorado 81621 Hepworth-Pawlak Geotechnical, Inc. 5020 County Road 154 Glenwood Springs, Colorado 81601 Phone: 970-945-7988 Fax: 970-945-8454 hpgeo@hpgeotech.com Job No. 101 239 Subject: Subsoil Study for Foundation Design and Percolation Testing, Proposed Residence, Lot 15, Fox Run Meadows, Eagle County, Colorado. Dear Mr. Gruenfeldt: As requested, Hepworth-Pawlak Geotechnical, Inc. performed a subsoil study and percolation testing for foundation and septic disposal_ designs at the subject site. The study was conducted in accordance with our agreement for geotechnical engineering services to you dated March 23, 2001. The data obtained_and our recommendations based on the proposed construction and subsurface conditions encountered are presented in this report. Proposed Construction: The proposed residence will be a two story, wood frame structure with an attached garage located on the site as shown on Fig. 1. Ground floors are proposed to be slab -on -grade. Cut depths are expected to range between about 4 to 6 feet. Foundation loadings for this type of construction are assumed to be relatively light and typical of the proposed type of construction. The septic disposal system is proposed to be located to the south of the building area. If building conditions or foundation loadings are significantly different from those described above, we should be notified to re-evaluate the recommendations presented in this report. Site Conditions: The site was vacant at the time of our field work. The ground surface is gently rolling with a gentle slope down to the south. There is about 10 feet of elevation difference across the lot. The lot is vegetated with scattered sagebrush, grass and weeds. Subsurface Conditions: The subsurface conditions at the site were evaluated by excavating two exploratory pits in the building area and one profile pit in the septic disposal area at the approximate locations shown on Fig. 1. The logs of the pits are presented on Fig. 2. The subsoils encountered, below about 11/2 to 2 feet of topsoil; consist of medium stiff to stiff sandy silty clay in Pit 1 and basalt gravel, cobbles and boulders in a silty sand matrix in Pit 2. Results of swell -consolidation testing performed on a relatively undisturbed samples of sandy silty clay, presented on Fig. 3, indicate low to moderate compressibility under conditions of loading and wetting. Results of a gradation analysis performed on a sample of the gravel (minus 5 inch fraction) obtained from the site are presented on Fig. 4. No free water was observed in the pits at the time of excavation and the soils were slightly moist. Dan Gruenfeldt April 18, 2001 Page 2 Foundation Recommendations: Considering the subsoil conditions encountered in the exploratory pits and the nature of the proposed construction, we recommend spread footings placed on the undisturbed natural soil designed for an allowable soil bearing pressure of 2,000 psf for support of the proposed residence. The clay soils encountered in Pit 1 tend to compress after wetting and there could be some post -construction foundation settlement. The settlement would be differential between footings bearing on the clays and footings bearing on the gravels. Footings should be a minimum width of 16 inches for continuous walls and 2 feet for columns. Loose and disturbed soils encountered at the foundation bearing level within the excavation should be removed and the footing bearing level extended down to the undisturbed natural soils. Voids created by the removal of large rocks should be backfilled with compacted road base or concrete. Exterior footings should be provided with adequate cover above their bearing elevations for frost protection. Placement of footings at least 42 inches below the exterior grade can be used in this area. Continuous foundation walls should be reinforced top and bottom to span local anomalies such as by assuming an unsupported length of at least 12 feet. Foundation walls acting as retaining structures should be designed to resist a lateral earth pressure based on an equivalent fluid unit weight of at least 55 pcf for the on -site clay soil as backfill. Floor Slabs: The natural on -site soils, exclusive of topsoil, are suitable to support lightly loaded slab -on -grade construction. There could be some post -construction slab distress if the clay bearing materials become wetted. To reduce the effects of some differential movement, floor slabs should be separated from all bearing walls and columns with expansion joints which allow unrestrained vertical movement. Floor slab control joints should be used to reduce damage due to shrinkage cracking. The requirements for joint spacing and slab reinforcement should be established by the designer based on experience and the intended slab use. A minimum 4 inch layer of. sand and gravel, such as road base, should be placed beneath slabs -on -grade to act as a leveling course and for subgrade support. This material should consist of minus 2 inch aggregate with less than 50 % passing the No. 4 sieve and less than 12 % passing the No. 200 sieve. All fill materials for support of floor slabs should be compacted to at least 95 % of maximum standard Proctor density at a moisture content near optimum. Required fill can consist of the on -site soils devoid of vegetation, topsoil and oversized rock. Surface Drainage: The following drainage precautions should be observed during construction and maintained at all times after the residence has been completed: 1) Inundation of the foundation excavations and underslab areas should be avoided during construction. H-P GEOTECH Dan Gruenfeldt April 18, 2001 Page 3 2) Exterior backfill should be adjusted to near optimum moisture and compacted to at least 95 % of the maximum standard Proctor density in pavement and slab areas and to at least 90 % of the maximum standard Proctor density in landscape areas. 3) The ground surface surrounding the exterior of the building should be sloped to drain away from the foundation in all directions. We recommend a minimum slope of 6 inches in the first 10 feet in unpaved areas and a minimum slope of 3 inches in the first 10 feet in pavement and walkway areas. 4) Roof downspouts and drains should discharge well beyond the limits of all backfill. 5) Landscaping which requires regular heavy irrigation should be located at least 10 feet from the building. Consideration should be given to the use of xeriscape to limit potential wetting due to irrigation. Percolation Testing: Percolation tests were conducted on April 11, 2001 to evaluate the feasibility of an infiltration septic disposal system at the site. One profile pit and three percolation holes were dug at the locations shown on Fig. 1. The test holes (nominal 12 inch diameter by 12 inch deep) were hand dug at the bottom of shallow backhoe pits and were soaked with water one day prior to testing. The soils exposed in the percolation holes are similar to those exposed in the Profile Pit shown on Fig. 2 and consist of about 11/a feet of topsoil overlying basalt gravel, cobbles and boulders in a silty sand matrix to the pit depth of 8 feet. The percolation test results are presented in Table H. The percolation test results indicate an infiltration rate between 45 and 60 minutes per inch with an average of 55 minutes per inch. Based on the subsurface conditions encountered and the percolation test results, the tested area should be suitable for a conventional infiltration septic disposal system. Limitations: This study has been conducted in accordance with generally accepted geotechnical engineering principles and practices in this area at this time. We make no warranty either expressed or implied. The conclusions and recommendations submitted in this report are based upon the data obtained from the exploratory pits excavated at the locations indicated on Fig. 1, the proposed type of construction and our experience in the area. Our findings include interpolation and extrapolation of the subsurface conditions identified at the exploratory pits and variations in the subsurface conditions may not become evident until excavation is performed. If conditions encountered during construction appear different from those described in this report, we should be notified at once so re-evaluation of the recommendations may be made. H-P GEOTECH Dan Gruenfeldt April 18, 2001 Page 4 This report has been prepared for the exclusive use by our client for design purposes. We are not responsible for technical interpretations by others of our information. As the project evolves, we should provide continued consultation and field services during construction to review and monitor the implementation of our recommendations, and to verify that the recommendations have been appropriately interpreted. Significant design changes may require additional analysis or modifications to the recommendations presented herein. We recommend on -site observation of excavations and foundation bearing strata and testing of structural fill by a representative of the geotechnical engineer.. If you have any questions or if we may be of further assistance, please let us know. Sincerely, HEPWORTH - PAWLAK Jordy Z. Reviewed by: Daniel E. Hardin, P.E. JZA/djg attachments '•'• F Aso_ .� t2� 297P ems• 2,30) • �`v SS10IVAL •EN H-P GEOTECH LOT 14 FOX RUN DRIVE ■ PIT 2 LOT 15 PIT 1 APPROXIMATE SCALE 1"=50' LOT 16 P-1 _r_ .4,..- _° is-. a-41 P-2 PROFILE A 0 PIT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - P-3 BUILDING SETBACK 0 101 239 HEPWORTH-PAWLAK LOCATION OF EXPLORATORY PITS Fig. 1 GEOTECHNICAL, INC. AND PERCOLATION TEST HOLES PIT 1 PIT 2 PROFILE PIT 0 4-1 - I 5 .c a 10 LEGEND: wC=9.2 DD=91 WC=12.9 DD=100 —200=93 LL=48 PI=29 O �• •. a' 1 :• I ,t •q +4=53 —200=24 .s I e _ J TOPSOIL; sandy silty clay, organic, firm, slightly moist, dark brown. CLAY (CL); silty, slightly sandy to sandy, medium stiff to stiff, slightly moist, brown, medium plasticity. M. ;.a BASALT GRAVEL, COBBLES AND BOULDERS (GM); in a silty sand matrix, dense, slightly moist, light brown, calcareous. 2" Diameter hand driven liner sample. 1 Disturbed bulk sample. _ J NOTES: 1. Exploratory pits were excavated on April 10, 2001 with a Cat 416C backhoe. 2. Locations of exploratory pits were measured approximately by pacing from features on the site plan provided. 3. Elevations of exploratory pits were not measured and logs of exploratory pits are drawn to depth. 4. The exploratory pit locations should be considered accurate only to the degree implied by the method used. 5. The lines between materials shown on the exploratory pit logs represent the approximate boundaries between material types and transitions may be gradual 6. No free water was encountered in the pits at the time of excavating. Fluctuations in water level . may occur with time. 7. Laboratory Testing Results: WC = Water Content ( %.) DD = Dry Density ( pcf ) +4 = Percent retained on No. 4 sieve —200 = Percent passing No. 200 sieve LL = Liquid Limit ( % ) PI = Plasticity Index ( % ) 1101 239 1 GEO ECHNICALw NC. I LOGS OF EXPLORATORY PITS I Fig. 2 I ME 5 N. 101 239 0.1 1.0 HEPWORTH—PAWLAK GEOTECHNICAL, INC. Moisture Content = 9.2 Dry Density = 91 Sample of: Sandy Silty Clay From: Pit 1 at 3 Feet Compression upon wetting percent pcf 10 APPLIED PRESSURE — ksf SWELL CONSOLIDATION TEST RESULTS 100 Fig. 3 s�� r�� r�� o�� r�� r� �� o� �� s.�� e �� .�� s �� a�� e�� r�� r��o� �r�� HEPWORTH-PAWLAK GEOTECHNICAL, INC. TABLE II PERCOLATION TEST RESULTS JOB NO.101 239 HOLE NO. HOLE DEPTH (INCHES) LENGTH OF INTERVAL (MIN) WATER DEPTH AT START OF INTERVAL (INCHES) WATER DEPTH AT END OF INTERVAL •(INCHES) DROP IN WATER LEVEL (INCHES) AVERAGE PERCOLATION RATE (MINJINCH) P-1 24 - 15 7 6% '/4 60 6% 6% '/4 6% 6'/4 '/4 6'/4 6 '/4 6 5% '/4 5% 5'/2 '/4 5% 5''/4. 5'/4 5 %4 P-2 26 15 4% 4'/4 '/4 45 4'/4 4 '/4 4 3% '/4 3% 3% 3% 3 3 2% '/4 2% 2% '/2 2'/4 2 %4 P-3 26 15 7 6% '/4 160 6% 6'/4 '/2 6'/4 6 '/4 6 5% '/2 5 %2 5% '/4 5% 5 A 5 4% '/4 4% 1 4'/2 1 +/4 Note: Percolation test holes we had dug on the bottom of backhoe pits and sealed on April 10, 2001. Percolation tests were conducted on April 11, 2001. The average percolation site was based on the last three readings of each test. ISDS Permit # ^2cmF01�-C)f Date -2.,. z<zl ^ CZ/ ISD9 Final Insvection Q=leteness Form (.f� Tank is oc� gal. Tank Material _ ✓ Tank. is located _-?�f t . and 2degrees from r -0 G'"? (Peann"t lark) Tank is located ft. and degrees from (Pe= -•neat landmark) Tank set level. Wm Tank lids within 80 of finished grade. Size of field Zit= units' lineal ft. Technology TC Cleanout is installed in between tank and house(+ 1/100ft). There is a -T- that goes down 14 inches in the inlet and outlet of the tank: -'d�.3 inlet . and outlet is sealed with tar• -,tape,. rubber gasket tc. �? Ta-ri . ahas twa _dompartments with the.,fla* g r-..,cQ partment closest to the ...:, , . house. d a : Nea�3ure; diet ance and relative direpfi c Depth of field. ft. .A° Soil interface raked. :. Inspection portals at the.end of each trench.. Proper distance to setbacks. ./ Chambers properly installed as per manufacturers specifications. (Chambers latched, end plates properly installed, rocks 'removed from trenches, etc.), �- ''� Type of pipe used for building sewer line leach field Other Inspection meets regnirements. Copy form to installer's file if recommendations for improvement were suggested. _ ACTION TAKEN: Sys e-Al � p p RM Setbacks Well Potable House Property Lake Dry Tank Drain Water Lines line Stream Gulch Field 100 25 20 10 50 25 10 10 Tank 50 10 5 10 50 10 * 10 EA LE- COUN: REAM P.O. BOX 179 EAGLE, CO 81631 I�l PHODUC1204.1)S(ngle Sheets) 205.1 lFadded) ® Im. Orolon, Mass. 01471. To Order PHONE TOLL FREE 1-660-225-6350 JOB SHEET NO. OF CALCULATED BY DATE CHECKEDBY 2095-01 Tax #2391-284-07-024 JOB NAME_ Lot # 15 , Fox Run GRUENEFELDT Meadows, 543 Fox Run Drive Carbondale r JOB NOS 11) P- / 3 JOB LOCATION BILL TO DATE ITARTED DATE COMPLETED DATE BILLED C% �5 / S Nc URJQ<1 0•' / /f%� S¢� ��oa ) nfo4J'�'"' ? `zS�j�-,�• Z/ A JOB COST SUMMARY TOTAL SELLING PRICE TOTAL MATERIAL TOTAL LABOR INSURANCE SALES TAX MISC. COSTS TOTAL JOB COST GROSS PROFIT LESS OVERHEAD COSTS % OF SELLING PRICE NET PROFIT JOB FOLDER Product 278 Loc%iN5' C�7QS, `7,.2c9��r �J C JOB FOLDER I Printed In USA F -_ - � ._� .. _ �_ _ - ,_ _;._ - ` - � .- �r Wiz= i f Z S — —_ — 3. } � _ _ v. a Y �. a —�